天地之大德曰生。
PART 3
STAY OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
第三節 擱置訴訟
Stay of legal proceedings
擱置訴訟
【要點解析】
根據《布萊克法律詞典》和《元照英美法詞典》的解釋:legal proceedings是法律程序,也就是指法律許可的、在法院或裁判所提起的,旨在取得一項權利或實施某一救濟的一切程序。我們知道legal proceedings也可以指訴訟。訴訟當然也是一種法律程序。若文意未限定legal proceedings僅指訴訟,则譯作“法律程序”為妥。若根據文意,legal proceedings指訴訟,則應譯作“訴訟”。學習法律英語,需要注意一詞多義現象。應當根據文意判斷其確切涵義。
6.—(1) Where any party to an arbitration agreement institutes any proceedings in any court against any other party to the agreement in respect of any matter which is the subject of the agreement, any party to the agreement may, at any time after appearance and before delivering any pleading or taking any other step in the proceedings, apply to that court to stay the proceedings so far as the proceedings relate to that matter.
凡仲裁協議任何一方當事人就仲裁協議的標的事項在任何法院針對仲裁協議對方當事人提起訴訟,仲裁協議的任何一方均可在出庭以後、在訴訟中遞交狀書或採取其他步驟之前,隨時向該法院申請擱置關涉前述標的事項的訴訟程序。
(2) The court to which an application has been made in accordance with subsection (1) may, if the court is satisfied that —
(a) there is no sufficient reason why the matter should not be referred in accordance with the arbitration agreement; and
(b) the applicant was, at the time when the proceedings were commenced, and still remains, ready and willing to do all things necessary to the proper conduct of the arbitration,
make an order, upon any terms that the court thinks fit, staying the proceedings so far as the proceedings relate to that matter.
【要點解析】
因為if the court is satisfied that和下面的(a)項和(b)項構成條件狀語從句,把情態動詞may和實義動詞make構成的複合謂語隔開。而且,中文主從條件複合句的表述順序一般是先說條件從句,再說主句。所以譯文必須調整原文語序。另外,這句話的主語是The court。to which an application has been made in accordance with subsection (1)是修飾它的定語從句。中文的主語前面一般不宜有太長的主語,最好根據文意,對這個定語從句作意譯處理。
根據《元照英美法詞典》的解釋,動詞satisfy有如下義項:
(1)清償(債務等);履行(義務等)
(2)使確信
(3)符合;達到(要求等)
這裡應當是它的第二個義項。
ready and willing 能夠並且願意
參見《元照英美法詞典》的解釋:暗含具有行動或處置的能力。
(2)當事人已依照第(1)款規定向法院提出申請,如果法院確信以下情形屬實,則法院可以基於其認為合適的條件發佈命令,擱置關涉前述標的事項的訴訟程序:
(a) 沒有充分理由說明為何不應當按照仲裁協議將上述事項提交仲裁;而且
(b) 申請人在開始訴訟程序的時候能夠並且願意,此時仍然能夠並且願意完成妥善地進行仲裁所必需的一切事務。
(3) Where a court makes an order under subsection (2), the court may, for the purpose of preserving the rights of parties, make such interim or supplementary orders as the court thinks fit in relation to any property which is or forms part of the subject of the dispute to which the order under that subsection relates.
(3)在法院根據第(2)款發佈命令的情況下,為保全雙方當事人的權利,對於不論何種財產,凡屬於或構成前述命令所針對之糾紛的標的事項的一部分,法院均可發佈其認為合適的臨時命令或補充命令。
【要點解析】
在上述法條中有一個定語從句which is or forms part of the subject of the dispute,如果閱讀時不夠細緻,就容易理解錯誤。
關係副詞where引導表示條件的狀語從句Where a court makes an order under subsection (2)。
主句的主語是the court。
for the purpose of preserving the rights of parties 是表示目的的狀語。
謂語是情態動詞may和動詞make構成的複合謂語。
賓語是such interim or supplementary orders as the court thinks fit,其中such…as句型構成的定語修飾名詞order。我們曾對這樣的句型做過詳細講解,參見《法律英語:語句翻譯點睛》。
介詞短語in relation to引導的狀語比較複雜,含有兩個環環相扣的定語從句。
第一個狀語從句是any property which is or forms part of the subject of the dispute。
關係代詞which引導的從句修飾先行詞any property。在從句中,關係代詞which充當主語,is和forms是系動詞,part of the subject of the dispute是它們的表語。
根據Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English的解釋,be (a) part of something的意思是to be included or involved in something。form (a) part of something的意思是to be one of the things that make up something larger or more important。品味文意,這兩個系動詞和表語構成的從句在語義上似乎並無區別。
有意見認為這個從句的意思是“財產屬於前述命令所針對之糾紛的標的事項或構成該標的事項的一部分”。基於前面的分析,這樣的理解顯然不正確。假如這個法律條文是這個意思,應當把它寫成“any property which is, or forms part of, the subject of the dispute”,這樣才符合上面的理解。使用了兩個逗號,條文的意思就發生了變化,可見對標點符號的使用一定要謹慎,學習法律英文過程中一定要注意標點符號所起的作用。
第二個狀語從句是the subject of the dispute to which the order under that subsection relates。
關係代詞which引導的從句修飾先行詞the subject of the dispute,這個先行詞又是第一個定語從句中的表語。
關係代詞which作為第二個從句的賓語,從句的主語是the order under that subsection,品味文意,that subsection就是關係副詞where引導的狀語從句中的subsection (2)。
謂語relatesto 的意思是to be directly connected with something or affected by it。
在這兩部法律的其他相關法條中,對定語從句which is or forms part of the subject of the dispute按下面的參考譯文理解為宜。
另外,筆者將這個從句中的系動詞is譯成“屬於”。“屬於”在漢語中既可以表示“歸類定性”,也可以表示“為某人或某方所有”。【參考譯文】中的“屬於”應當表示“歸類定性”。
(4) Where no party to the proceedings has taken any further step in the proceedings for a period of not less than 2 years after an order staying the proceedings has been made, the court may, on its own motion, make an order discontinuing the proceedings without affecting the right of any of the parties to apply for the discontinued proceedings to be reinstated.
(4)在法院發佈擱置訴訟程序的命令之後至少兩年,訴訟程序的任何一方當事人均未在該訴訟程序中採取任何進一步的措施,法院可以主動發佈命令終止訴訟程序,但是雙方當事人申請恢復已經終止的法律程序的權利不會因之受到影響。
【關鍵字匯】
onits own motion自行動議,也就是“主動”的意思。參見《元照英美法詞典》的解釋:own motion 自己申請;自己動議
指在訴訟進行過程中,法庭在無任一方當事人提出申請的情況下主動對案件作出的處置。
discontinue意思是停止,也就是說它可以表示終止,也可以表示中止。這部法律中用stay和suspend表示中止,所以此處將discontinue譯為“終止”。參見Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English關於discontinue的解釋:to stop doing, producing, or providing something(https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/discontinue)
另見《布萊克法律詞典》關於名詞stay的解釋:①The postponement or halting of a proceeding, judgment, or the like.②An order to suspend all or part of a judicial proceeding or a judgement resulting from that proceeding. Also termed stay of execution;suspension of judgment.
reinstate恢復
參見《布萊克法律詞典》的解釋:To place again in a former state or position; to restore <the judge reinstated the judgment that had been vacated>
(5) For the purposes of this section, a reference to a party includes a reference to any person claiming through or under such party.
本條中所稱的當事人包括通過該當事人提出權利請求的人或在該當事人之下提出權利請求的人。
【要點解析】
any person claiming through or under such party 中介詞through和under意思不清楚。下文第44條第(1)款和第52C條第(2)款也有這樣的表述形式。
根據Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English關於介詞through的解釋,其第十個義項是“by means of a particular method, service, person etc”,表示“透過;借助”,似乎符合這裡的意思。
《元照英美法詞典》的一個詞條可以作為參考:act through 由代理人行事
若由下級行事,則相當於授權〔vest〕行為。
介詞under在Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English中的第八個義項是“if you work under someone, they have a higher position in the company, organization etc than you, and they help to direct your work”,表示“受……的控制(或管理);聽命於……;受……制約”。
under的第十個義項是“different name if you write or do something under a particular name, you do it using that name instead of your real name”,表示“用……名稱;以……名義”。
這兩個義項似乎都說得通。
筆者認為,在上下文未指明through or under 具體涵義的情況下,不宜勉強翻譯。故譯文暫且籠統處理。
下面這段判詞也許對我們理解through or under有啟發。參見Bank of China v. Yang Fang (HCMP/1797/2015) 判案書第10節(譯文為筆者所作,供讀者參考):
On 12 May 2015, the Rizhao Branch commenced another action in the Rizhao Intermediate People’s Court against, inter alia, the Defendant for a debt of RMB 67.26 million under the Lianghe Agreement and the Lianghe Guarantee. This action was brought under the name of the Rizhao Branch instead of the Weihai Sub-branch due to a change in the Bank’s policy which no longer authorised sub-branches to bring legal actions in their own name.
2015年5月12日,日照分行在日照市中級人民法院提起另一項訴訟,訴求中包括向被告追償其根據《兩河協議》和《兩河擔保協議》承擔的債務人民幣六千七百二十六萬元。該訴訟是以日照分行提起,而非以威海支行名義提起,因為中行的政策發生了變化,不再授權支行以支行名義提起訴訟。